Contested Space: The Military Chapel of Santa Fe

Contested Space: The Military Chapel of Santa Fe

In a recent post about the Santa Fe plaza, I included a set of maps. If you look closely, you’ll notice that even the oldest of them identifies a small building on the south side of the square as the “military chapel.”

More properly called the Military Chapel of Our Lady of Light, and commonly referred to as La Castrense, this building was centered in the buildings on the south side of the Plaza and faced the Governor’s Palace on the north. The word Castrense means “belonging to the military profession,” so its nickname was appropriate, because the little church was built specifically for use by the members of the Santa Fe garrison. 

The original chapel was completed in 1717 and then rebuilt and rededicated in 1761. The reconstruction was funded by Governor Francisco Antonio Marin del Valle and his wife, Dona Maria Ignacia Martinez de Ugarte. This power couple also donated a new altar piece, or reredo, which was carved from large pieces of limestone quarried north of Santa Fe near Pojoaque. Said to be the largest and most ambitious piece of artistic work ever attempted in New Mexico to that point, the piece filled the entire altar end of the building. 

La Castrense altar piece today, courtesy El Cristo Rey Catholic Church, Santa Fe

The chapel received further decorations around 1813, when Pedro Bautista Pino, New Mexico’s representative to the Spanish Cadiz, returned from Europe with two marble bas-reliefs which were mounted on the outside wall above the door from the plaza. Colonel Francisco Perea remembered years later that one of them represented “Santa Gertrudes wrapped in the coils of a large serpent, while the other, I believe, represented the mother of Jesus, Nuestra Senora de la Luz (Our Lady of Light), recuing a human being from Satan.”

The military troops stationed in Santa Fe attended services in the chapel monthly as well as on special occasions. During Governor Manuel Armijo’s first two administrations, he and the full garrison attended regularly, with the officers in full uniform.  However, it seems unlikely that they continued to do so during his third term (July 1845 to August 1846) as the roof had fallen in. At least, that’s what Lt. James W. Abert reported in early October 1846. He also said the building contained “some handsome carved work behind the altar,” and that at least one of the bas-reliefs still remained over the door, the one that showed Our Lady of Light.  

Abert had entered Santa Fe in the Fall of 1846 with the occupying U.S. army. Five and a half years later, in Spring 1851, newly appointed Chief Justice Grafton Baker, needed a place to hold his court and decided to use La Castrense.

The building, apparently repaired by this time, was set up with the necessary furniture and the grand jury was called. Unfortunately for Judge Baker, the grand jury members included Santa Fe native and former Mexican soldier, Donaciano Vigil. Vigil and his wife had been married in the chapel, and his father and an infant son were buried there. As former provisional governor under the U.S. rule, he had enough political clout to risk protesting the use of the chapel for civil purposes and enough connections in the city to rally public opinion behind him.

Baker threatened to hold court anyway and to have Vigil arrested, but when a crowd began to assemble outside and the commanding officer of the American troops rallied behind Vigil, the Judge gave way. He ordered the court moved across the plaza to the Governor’s palace. The men responsible for shifting the furniture didn’t have to actually remove it from the building. The crowd had already dumped most of it in the plaza.

The building doesn’t seem to have been immediately converted back to being a chapel. According to the 1891 Silver City Enterprise, in the 1850s, it was instead used to store  captured cannons, including the Lone Star of Texas which had come into New Mexico in 1841 with the ill-fated Texas Santa Fe Expedition.

The guns must not have stayed there for long, because in 1859 Bishop Lamy exchanged the building for $2000 and  land in the vicinity of the Parish church. The money went to repairs for  church and the land became the site of St. Michael’s College and the Loreto Chapel.

La Castrense itself was demolished by its new owner, but not until the altar piece was preserved and carefully removed. It is now in El Cristo Rey, which offers a brochure about the reredos on its website. It’s nice to know that, even though the building itself had to give way to “progress,” at least some of its contents were preserved and still survive.

© Loretta Miles Tollefson July 2025

Sources: James W. Abert, Western America in 1846-47; https://www.cristoreyparish.org/; Roland F. Dickey, New Mexico Village Arts; Francois-Marie Patorni, The French in New Mexico; Colonel Francisco Perea in Allison, “Santa Fe in 1837-1838”, Old Santa Fe Magazine, Vol. II; Silver City Enterprise, Oct. 9, 1891; Marc Simmons, Spanish Government in New Mexico; Francis Stanley, Giant in Lilliput; Maurilio Vigil and Helene Boudreau, Donaciano Vigil.

Billy the Kid: The Life Behind the Legend

Billy the Kid: The Life Behind the Legend

I recently did a quick tally of currently available nonfiction books about Billy the Kid and gave up at twenty-five. I’m sure there are more. However, if you want a clear grip on who Billy the Kid was, where he came from, and the events in his life, George R. Matthews’ recently published book Billy the Kid: The Life Behind the Legend may be the only tome you need.

This book is well researched and superbly written and provides a comprehensive approach to the life and times of William Bonney, aka “The Kid.” Matthews has taken the time to gather information not only about the Kid’s career, but also about his background. I especially appreciated the material about Ireland in his mother’s day and her experiences when she reached the U.S.

Matthews also provides information about the various people Bonney interacted with during his short life, while not bogging down the narrative with endless side notes. He inserts enough background for these individuals to give us context and flesh out their personalities, but maintains his focus on the Kid and his various adventures and misadventures.

I was impressed with this book and recommend it as the one resource for people who are mildly interested in Billy the Kids’ life and as an important addition to the collections of those who are more passionate about learning all you can about him. In my opinion, Billy the Kid: The Life Behind the Legend is a valuable addition to either type of library.

The Evolution of the Santa Fe Plaza

The Evolution of the Santa Fe Plaza

When the Spanish settlers created the Santa Fe, New Mexico plaza in 1610, it was roughly twice the size it is today, even though they didn’t have sufficient buildings to surround it. That would come later. Certainly the newcomers had high ambitions for their new town “square.” We can see from the map created by José de Urrutia about 150 years later that it extended from the church (la parroquia) to about where the western boundary is today.

The plaza was laid out in an approximate ratio of 2 to 3, width to length, as prescribed in Spanish law. It had a number of uses—military drills, mustering livestock, small-scale trading, and general commerce, as well as social and public events. Although there’s no sign of it on the 1776 map, in the early 1600’s an acequia ran along the north side.

The acequia may have been used to water trees in the plaza. We have written documentation of at least two plantings, one prior to 1837, when Jose Francisco Perea tells us there were three cottonwoods “of the mountain variety” in what was then the northeast corner. In the mid-1840s, Governor Mariano Martinez had more cottonwoods put in, although we don’t know what type. By the time he was done, trees circled the square and additional ones had been placed along the Santa Fe river.

The square had shrunk considerably by then, to the size it is today. The 1846 map created by U.S. Corps of Engineers Lts. W.H. Emory and J.F. Gilmer reveals that the eastern half of the plaza had been filled in with buildings by that point. It had apparently been this shape for at least the last ten years. Jose Francisco Perea tells us it hadn’t changed much during that period, except for the new trees. And the fact that the square was now seldom used as a camping place and stock corral.

According to James Josiah Webb, in the 1840s the northeast corner of the plaza contained the old Mexican customs warehouse. The eastern side of the square was lined with government buildings and anchored at the southern end by a store run by Don Juan Sena.

The Pino family lived across the street, on the south side of the plaza, alongside a couple more stores, including the one rented by Leitensdorfer and Company. The crumbling adobe military chapel lay in the center of this row of buildings.

The west side of the plaza was nearly all residences, except for the old Mexican post office, and the north side was defined, as it is today, by the long low adobe structure that had been there since the beginning. The compound it fronted had served over the years as a fort, barracks for the Presidio troops, local jail, housing for the civil governor, treasury, and other functions.

Known as “el palacio” by the locals, the Americans retained the building’s basic functions after they invaded in 1846. By 1857, it included the chamber for the territorial legislature, offices for the Secretary of the Treasury and Superintendent of Indian Affairs, the post office, and (still!) the calabozo, or jail.

The building, which is still called “el palacio,” has been renovated a number of times, most recently a few years ago, and now anchors the New Mexico History Museum. It’s well worth a visit if you happen to be in town. As is the plaza. It changed once again in the 1860s, when a bandstand was added, along with walkways that crisscrossed the space. This layout has been retained ever since then. You can see it in the birds-eye view map from 1882 as well as the current map.

As you can see from the map, the plaza in Santa Fe is still walkable. Trees still shade the paths, and there are still small-scale traders, most often now only under the palacio house portal. It’s the perfect place to spend a few hours on Sunday afternoon or any other time.

An Unhappy Country – The Countdown Begins!

An Unhappy Country – The Countdown Begins!

The thirty-day countdown to publication of my novel An Unhappy Country has begun!

It’s August 1846. The U.S. army has taken Santa Fe without firing a shot. The Mexican American War is over in New Mexico. Or is it?

Two days after the Army arrives, seventeen-year-old Jessie Milbank and her friends stumble on a man with a knife in his back in the Santa Fe plaza. Then someone close to Jessie’s friend Juanita is murdered. When an insurrection is suppressed in December, Jessie begins to wonder if the three events are linked. 

Were the murdered men part of a conspiracy to throw out the invaders? And were they the only ones hoping for a fight? After revolt does finally break out and the Americans suppress it at the battle of Taos Pueblo, yet another man is murdered. Will the reasons for his death provide clues to the earlier ones?

Early readers are raving about Jessie, the book’s insight into these little-known events, and the beautiful writing in this novel.

You can pre-order the e-book now for only $.99. It’s available at all e-reader outlets , including Amazon and BarnesandNoble. The paperback is available for pre-order at BarnesandNoble, as well.

What’s the Name of That Town Again?

What’s the Name of That Town Again?

The name “Taos” conjures many things. An ancient pueblo. A Mexican outpost. Gringo mountain men. A violent revolt. A funky 21st century village. But the village and pueblo are two separate places. There are Spanish villages and Indigenous pueblos side by side all over New Mexico. As far as I know, only in the Taos valley do the two settlements carry the same name.

And where does the name come from and what does it mean? Now there’s a question. According to F.R. Bob Romero in Santistevan and Moore, Taos, A Topical History, it’s been attributed “to an Indian word meaning ‘Red Willow’ or ‘people of the Red Willow.’” But no one knows for sure. All we know is that it’s what the pueblo was called after the Spanish arrived. Romero says it’s likely a “Tiwa Indian term that perhaps began with the T sound and was Hispanicized as Taos.”

So that explains (or doesn’t!) that. But then there’s the question of the name of the village which is three miles southwest. We call it “Taos,” but it was originally called Don Fernando de Taos, San Fernando de Taos, San Fernandez de Taos, and various forms of these three names, such as Don Fernando, San Fernando, San Fernandez, or simply Fernando or Fernandez. Although the latter two don’t appear very often in the historical record. Even then, if the name is shortened, it becomes simply “Taos.”

As far as I know, Don Fernando de Taos is the only location in New Mexico which has the honorific “Don” attached to it. The Don Fernando for whom it was named was actually a Don Fernando Durán y Chávez, who had a hacienda near Taos Pueblo in the late 1600s. He and his son fled south during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and didn’t return. In 1795, the grant was ceded to settlers from the nearby Cañon area, but the village didn’t really start to thrive until French-Canadian and American mountain men [post link here] began to trickle in in the 1820s.The village was a restocking and trading point for the fur trappers. Some of them stayed to set up mercantile businesses and intermarry and the community became the center of americano settlement in the valley.

Ironically, the location that developed in response to the American presence became the flash point of resistance to the 1846 American invasion. Maybe the locals just got sick of us.

© Loretta Miles Tollefson

Sources: Source: Francis L. and Roberta B. Fugate, Roadside History of New Mexico; Robert Julyan, The Place Names of New Mexico, Revised Edition; F.R. Bob Romero in Santistevan and Moore eds., Taos, A Topical History; http://taoscountyhistoricalsociety.org/taoshistory.html, accessed Jan 3, 2017

When is a Rebel Not a Traitor?

When is a Rebel Not a Traitor?

In 1846, early in the Mexican American War, General Stephen Watts Kearny led his Army of the West from Missouri to Santa Fe. He received no resistance in New Mexico and raised the American flag over the Santa Fe plaza in mid-August. By early November, he had moved on to assist in the subjugation of California, leaving troops behind to hold New Mexico. Local leaders laid plans to kick out the remaining troops, but the plot was discovered in mid-December and the most of them were apprehended.

One of the men jailed was Manuel Antonio Chaves, who seems to have been the only one who went to court for his activities. Maybe his was the first and last case at this time because his American lawyer, Captain William Z. Angney, got him off.

Manuel Antonio Chaves, courtesy of Gill Chaves, 2019

Angney’s arguments were powerful. Chaves had been charged with treason against the United States. Angney argued that, since the war was still in progress, New Mexico was technically still part of the country of Mexico, and therefore Chaves was not an American citizen. You can’t try someone for treason against a country they don’t belong to. In fact, it was not treason, but patriotism, that motivated his actions.

Chaves was acquitted and released. His experience with Angney and in the courtroom seems to have permanently changed his view of Americans. Six months earlier, he’d argued fiercely that New Mexico ought to fight the invaders. The month after his release, he was fighting alongside the Americans to suppress the New Mexican revolt that broke out in Taos. He went on to serve in the Civil War on the side of the Union, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and playing a key role in the pivotal battle of Glorieta Pass. All because his perceived enemy (Captain Angney) defended Chaves’s right to rebel.

Sources: Mark L. Gardner and Marc Simmons, eds., The Mexican War Correspondence of Richard Smith Elliott; Rubén Sálaz Márquez, New Mexico, A Brief Multi-History; Marc Simmons, The Little Lion of the Southwest, a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves; Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico.

© Loretta Miles Tollefson, 2025

Nine Days of Christmas, A Tale of Old New Mexico

Nine Days of Christmas, A Tale of Old New Mexico

by Loretta Miles Tollefson

Christine is the only American girl in her New Mexico village. She badly wants to participate in the village’s traditional nine-day-long Christmas celebration, but her mother thinks she’ll be infected with “foreign” ideas. The village’s old women also think la gringa should stay home. Will Christine find a way to get what she wants? And what will she learn if she does?

Gabriela looked bravely into the young priest’s face. “Christina wants to sing in las posadas,” she said. She squeezed her blond americano friend’s hand. The two girls looked at each other triumphantly. There, she’d said it. She’d really and truly asked.

“For shame!” hissed the old woman at the priest’s elbow. She adjusted the black shawl that covered her head and glared at the two girls. “La americana es no catolica!” She stamped the ground with her cane and moved forward, trying to catch Padre Paul’s eye, but he remained stubbornly focused on the children.

“Have you consulted your parents?” he asked Christine.

The child’s eyes dropped and she shook her head.

“But she wants it!” Gabriela tossed her long black braids over her shoulders and bounced a little on her heels. “It’s important to her!”

The priest gave her a stern look. “What is the fifth commandment?”

The girls looked at each other and repeated in unison, “Honra á tu padre y á tu madre.” Honor your father and your mother.”

He nodded to Christine. “If your parents agree, you may participate in las posadas.” He lifted a stern finger. “But only if they agree.”

The girls nodded solemnly and turned away, heads together, plotting how best to obtain permission. Christine’s father would be easy. It was her mother who would resist.

“Humph!” The old woman moved forward again, boldly blocking the padre’s path. She tilted her black-covered head, looked him in the face, and tapped her cane on the ground authoritatively. “The American girl is not Catholic,” she repeated. “She is not one of us.”

The priest gave her a long look. “What you say is true, Señora Martín,” he said. “But she is a child and wishes to be part of our community. Would you deny her that wish?”

“She is a gringa!” María Antonia Martín snapped. “She knows nothing of la comunidad. And less than nothing of las posadas and its meanings.”

The priest’s mouth twitched. As a Frenchman, he knew only a little more about New Mexico’s  Christmas traditions than did the ten year old Protestant girl. “Participating in the rituals could bring her to a knowledge of the true church,” he said mildly.

“Humph.” The old woman turned away. “It is no matter. I am sure her mother will not allow her to participate.” Her lips twisted and she nodded toward the little village chapel behind the priest. “El sanctuario is undoubtedly safe from such a travesty.” The señora stumped off across the cold and dusty plaza. The priest watched her go. The black reboso that covered her head and shoulders merged with her long black dress and made her look from the back like a cloth-covered tree stump with two black feet.

A smile glimmered on Padre Paul’s lips, then he shook his head wearily and turned back to the church.

* * *

“And why in creation would you want to participate in such a travesty?” Christine’s mother turned from the cook stove, her long-handled wooden spoon in the air. “A clutch of villagers parading down the middle of a muddy street, making what they call music and screeching at the top of their voices.” She shook her head. “It won’t be like the services at Christ Church last Christmas,” she warned.

“I know it will be different from Philadelphia, Mama.” Christine tried to keep the impatience from her voice as she placed the dinner china on the rough wooden table. “But the songs they sing are very old and Gabriela says they are quite beautiful. They reenact the story of Mary and Joseph finding a place to stay in Bethlehem. It’s not for just one night like at Christ Church. It lasts for nine whole nights, and each night ends with food and drink and Christmas carols.”

“Not our Christmas carols, I’ll be bound!” her mother said. “And how will you know what the songs say? They’ll all be in that heathenish Spanish!” She shook her head and turned back to the pot of stew. “Nine days of Christmas. What will they think of next?” She shook her head. “I’ll not have you cavorting around with those Mexican children any more than you absolutely must.” Her eyes narrowed and she turned to look at Christine. “You were up quite early this morning, young lady. When I called you for prayers, you were already outside. Where did you go?”

Christine kept her eyes down as she straightened the knife and fork at her father’s place setting. “I was with Gabriela. She was talking to the priest.”

“What? The priest?” Her mother took a step away from the stove, then recovered herself, placed the dripping spoon on the counter and turned, her hands on her hips. “You stay away from that man, you hear? Catholic priests—” She paused. “Well. They are not good people, that’s all there is to it. They have a propensity—” She stopped again. “Not only is he Catholic, but—.” She shook her head and raised her chin. “I will not permit it!” she declared. “You stay away from that man and that church, or I’ll have your father whip you from here to next week! Do you hear me?”

Christine’s hands dropped to her sides. She stared down at the scarred surface of the wooden table. “Yes, Mama.”

“Good. That’s settled then.” Her mother turned back to the stove and began stirring the stew more vigorously than was strictly necessary. “Not only do I have to contend with primitive conditions and a lack of decent food supplies, but now my own daughter is being sucked down into the Catholic morass.” She lifted the spoon, knocked it sharply against the edge of the pot to remove the excess stew, and moved to the sink. “Nine days of Christmas, indeed. We’ve been six months in this dirty hell hole already and who knows how much longer? What that man was thinking is beyond my comprehension.” The spoon dropped into the sink and she whirled around and glared at her daughter, who still stood staring at the table. “And from now on, we will have prayers every morning and you will attend them,” she said, hands on her hips. “If you do not, you will be restricted to the house for the remainder of that day. Do you hear me?”

“Yes, Mama,” Christine said again, trying not to let the tears show in her voice. “I hear you.”

“Now go out and bring in more wood,” her mother snapped. “But not piñon. I don’t want the oven to get too hot, or the biscuits will burn again. I’d like them to be edible this time, for a change.”

Nothing was said at dinner about Christine’s desire to participate in the village’s Christmas procession, but her father could see that his women had been quarreling. He didn’t ask what the argument was about. He’d learned long ago that he had great authority over his mercantile operation,  but little or none in his household. Especially when his wife sat tight-lipped at the other end of the table and his daughter kept her golden curls between his eyes and her own.

He read to them after dinner, a little something from Miss Austen’s Pride and Prejudice while his women did their handiwork by the light of the fire. But even Mrs. Bennett couldn’t bring a smile to his wife’s lips.

After a bit, he set the book aside. “Something interesting happened at the store today,” he said.

She looked up, eyes smoldering. “I don’t understand how you can think that anything which happens in that shop is the least bit interesting,” she snapped. “Unless you’ve finally come to your senses and discovered that there’s no real money to be made trading in wool and we can leave this God forsaken place once and for all, and return to Philadelphia and civilization!”

He raised his eyebrows, opened his mouth, shut it again, then lifted himself out of his seat. “Well, I’m going to bed,” he said. “It’s been a long day.”

As he left the room, he heard a small sniff from Christine’s chair. He glanced back. The child’s  face was still bent over her work, but her hand had slipped up to wipe away a tear. He sighed and shook his head. Well, if she wanted badly enough for him to know what the quarrel was about, she’d find a way to tell him.

Sure enough, when he left the mercantile for lunch the next day, Christine was waiting at the bottom of the broad wooden steps in the brilliant December sunshine. She wore her bonnet, which he knew she despised, so he guessed that she was trying once again to accommodate her mother. He smiled to himself. The child must want whatever it was she wanted very badly. First the bonnet, and then coming to meet him this way. It wasn’t often that she joined him for his noonday walk home.

He slipped his hand over hers. “Hello, sweet girl of mine,” he said. “How has your day been so far?”

Christine tilted her head to one side. “All right, I suppose,” she said. “How has yours been?”

“Well, something happened yesterday that I thought you’d find interesting,” he said.

She lifted her chin. He could just see a slice of her face beyond the bonnet’s broad rim. “Is it what you were going to tell us last night?” she asked.

He nodded, pleased at the spark of interest in her voice. “Both clerks and all three laborers came to me yesterday,” he said. “They asked to leave early each evening for the nine days before Christmas. In fact, they suggested that I close the store up early on those nights. They want to participate in what they call las posadas. Do you know what that is?”

Her head jerked back and her delighted eyes blazed into his, then she turned back to face the dusty, hard-packed dirt street.  “I’ve heard of it,” she said indifferently. “Gabriela told me a little.”

He gave her a long, considering look. So that’s what she and her mother had been arguing about. “What did she tell you?”

“Just that it’s the old Mexican way to celebrate Christmas,” she said, still watching the street. “Only it’s not right at Christmas, it’s before, and they act everything out. And there’s music and singing, and they go from house to house and people give them good things to eat and the whole village—” She stopped, suddenly aware of the way her voice had risen with excitement and interest.

“That’s more than the men told me,” her father said. “Although it did sound as if the entire village participates in the event. The clerks don’t seem to think we’ll have any customers during those evenings.”

“The entire village except for me,” Christine said to the dusty street.

“What was that?”

Christine looked up at him bleakly. “I wanted to belong—” She caught herself. “To participate. Even if it was just a little of the singing for some of the nights. And Padre Paul said I could—”

“Padre Paul?”

“The priest. The one who comes every two weeks to say mass.”

“Oh yes. The Frenchman.”

“He said I should ask my parents for permission and if you said it was all right, then he would allow—” She bit back her tears. “But Mama said not to even think of it. And she was angry and said he was wicked. And I know he’s not. He’s a very nice man. And he wouldn’t be there anyway, not every night. It’s the village that makes the procession. The celebration goes on for almost a week and a half and the padre has other villages to tend to. Everyone in the village participates in las posadas and sings the different parts for the play, and Gabriela says it’s the most important event of the year and Mama is so—”

“Adamant,” her father said sadly.

Christine sniffed and nodded her head.

“She is afraid for you,” he said gently. “She wishes you to preserve your Protestant Episcopal faith and grow up to be a proper young lady.”

“She’s wrong about Padre Paul,” Christine said stubbornly. “He’s a nice man.”

“I’m sure he is,” her father said. “But I don’t think that’s the best point of argument to use with your mother.”

Christine giggled in spite of herself. She looked up hopefully. “Will you speak with her?”

“I’ll try,” he said soberly. “But I can’t promise you anything. And I’ll have to wait for the appropriate opportunity.”

She squeezed his hand. “I’ll wait,” she said. “And I’ll be patient and good and try not to aggravate her.”

He smiled down at her and they went on to the house, the child hopeful and the man a little sad at the thought that the two of them felt it necessary to plot in this way, that the girl knew so well the strategies she needed to implement to chip away at her mother’s resistance.

* * *

Tía Luz looked up from her handiwork as Gabriela entered the adobe casita. “You should be wearing your chal,” Luz scolded. “The cold is coming on. You don’t want to be sick for las posadas.”

The child crossed the room to sit on the adobe banco beside her aunt. She lifted a strand of the deep red wool yarn Luz was threading into her needle. “What a beautiful color,” Gabriela said. “What are you making?”

Luz lifted a small coverlet of white wool from her lap. Three red flowers bloomed along one edge. “It’s a new blanket for el niño cristo,” she said. “The grandmothers have decided the old one should be replaced and they asked me to create this for him.”

“It is a great honor,” Gabriela said listlessly.

“Oh child,” Luz said. “Are you still fretting about your friend?”

The girl shrugged and got up to poke another stick of wood into the curved adobe fireplace in the corner.

“It is a commandment,” her aunt said. “She must obey it.”

““Honra á tu padre y á tu madre,” Gabriela recited. “I know.”

“Besides, she is not from here.” Luz slid her needle into the soft white coverlet. “She knows nothing of our customs.”

“She could learn.” The girl came back to sit on the banco. She leaned against the adobe wall and watched the red flowers form under her aunt’s fingertips. “I could explain it.”

“She would not experience it in the way that you do.” Luz began to fill in the flower’s petals with long careful stitches. “You have las posadas in your blood. It is part of who you are. She would be merely a spectator.”

Gabriela was silent, not wanting to contradict her aunt, but not believing her either. How was it possible to participate in the Christmas procession and not be moved by its simple richness?

* * *

It had rained in the night and Christina was glad for what her mother called her “good thick American boots.” When she met Gabriela at the village well, she felt a stab of pity for her friend’s feet in their muddy Indian moccasins. But Gabriela met her with smiles. She bounced a little on her heels. “What did your father say about las posadas?”

Christine shrugged, her hands in the air. “He said he’d talk to mi mamá. All I have to do is be patient.”

Gabriela groaned. “How I hate it when adults say that!” The two girls giggled companionably as Gabriela lowered her bucket into the well and Christine once again admired the curve of the brown adobe village walls against the blue sky.

* * *

“This dirty little village in the middle of nowhere!” Christine’s mother sobbed. “I hate it!”

Christine, trying not to listen from her bed in the next room, heard a rustle. Then her father said something in a soothing voice.

“No! It will not be all right!” her mother said. “And Christine! What damage is this doing to her, this being thrown in with these dirty Catholic peasants? There isn’t even a school house! We need to get out of here, Stephen! For Christine’s sake, if not for mine! She needs proper schooling and to know how to behave around civilized people! The mercantile is just not bringing in enough to make coming here worthwhile!”

Christine covered her ears then, knowing what was coming, not wanting to hear her mother’s lamentations yet again. Silent tears seeped from her closed eyelids as despair settled over her. There would be no las posadas for her. Her mother hated this place and all it represented too much to allow her to participate in its rituals. All her mother wanted was to return to Philadelphia and “civilization.” The child turned, flopping onto her belly, and dug her chin into her pillow to stifle her sobs.

She woke the next morning feeling drained of all hope and dressed listlessly. There was no point in hurrying with her chores to meet Gabriela at the well, to see her friend’s disappointment when she heard the news. She might as well stay home, imprisoned between the barren board walls of this americano house, the only wooden house in the village. A house tight with bitterness and the smell of burnt cooking because her mother was unable to adjust to the heat produced so prodigiously by the local piñon firewood.

Christine wandered morosely out of her room and stopped at the end of the hall. Her mother was at the cook stove, pouring pancake batter. Christine’s father stood beside her, speaking firmly, his voice low.

“All right!” Christine’s mother snapped. “I said she could, didn’t I?” She scraped her spatula across the cast iron griddle and lifted a blackened pancake from the stove. “Now see what you’ve made me do! It’s scorched black! I tell you, I hate cooking here!”

He backed away, giving her room, and moved toward the front door. “I need to get to the store.” He smiled sadly at Christine as he turned. “Good morning, sweet girl.”

“Just one minute!” Christine’s mother slapped the burnt pancake into the sink on the other side of the kitchen and turned to glare at Christine, then her husband. “I want you to hear this. I don’t want any confusion about what I’m about to say.”

He stood, watching her warily. She nodded curtly at Christine, her lips tight. “Your father has decided you may participate in this nativity play,” she said. “I am not happy about it, but I won’t stand in your way.”

Christine brightened and opened her mouth. Her mother lifted the spatula. “However, there are conditions. You will not attend that papist mass at that so-called church, do you hear? And I expect you to participate in prayers with me every morning and before bedtime each night.”

“Yes, Mama.”

“Furthermore, you will memorize a psalm of my choosing each day. A psalm a day until Christmas, do you hear me?”

Christine hated memorizing. Let them be short psalms, she thought fervently. But she only said, “Yes, Mama,” again.

“And if I see you slacking in your chores in any way, your father will withdraw his permission.”

Across the room, Christine’s father opened his mouth, but his wife’s head jerked in his direction, her eyes flashing, and he closed it again.

She turned back to the girl. “Do you understand?”

“Yes, Mama,” Christine said meekly. She kept her eyes on the floor, afraid they would show her delight too clearly and cause the permission to be rescinded. She looked up only after she heard the front door close behind her father. Her mother was crouched in front of the cook stove’s open fire compartment, poking angrily at the fire logs in an effort to separate them and thus lower the stove top heat. Christine slipped back to her room to make sure her bed was made properly.

* * *

Gabriela and Christine stood at the edge of the group of villagers and clutched their shawls against the December night’s chill. Long black rebosas created a disapproving wall in front of them, shouldering the girls to the outer edge of the procession. This was the seventh night of las posadas and the cold shoulders didn’t seem to have softened at all.

Christine lifted her chin defiantly. She had worked hard to be here. She wasn’t going  to let her happiness be dimmed by people who disapproved of her simply because she was a gringa. Besides, Gabriela’s arm was linked in hers, and Gabriela’s voice was in her ear, explaining what was about to happen and translating the songs.

After six nights of the event, Christine didn’t really need this information, although she appreciated her friend’s affection and care. She stifled a yawn. Each evening had followed the same pattern: As daylight faded from the turquoise-blue sky, the villagers assembled in front of the tiny adobe church. The man and woman chosen to play Mary and Joseph this year sang the traditional songs for their roles as the small crowd moved slowly through the dark streets under flickering torches. Everyone chimed in on the choruses. The only real difference each evening was the house where the villagers finally stopped, the man who opened the door and sang the part of the innkeeper, and the quality of the refreshments provided afterwards.

Christine didn’t want to admit it, but she was becoming a little bored. The man who sang the part of Joseph had a really beautiful voice and Christine enjoyed listening to him, but it was cold out here on the edge of the crowd and she had heard it all before.

“En nombre del cie-e-e-e-lo os pido posa-a-a-ada,” he sang. Gabriela whispered the translation and Christine nodded impatiently. She already knew what he was singing:  In the name of heaven, I ask for shelter.

“Pues no puede andar-ar-ar-ar-ar ya mi esposa ama-a-a-a-ada,” he sang. Can go no farther, my beloved wife. Christine huddled a little closer to her friend and thought of the hot chocolate Gabriela had said would be served tonight. The host house was one of the wealthier ones in the village and the women there always served New Mexican-style hot chocolate. According to Gabriela, the drink would be different from anything Christine had ever tasted.

Christine licked her lips, thinking of it. They added cinnamon to the chocolate. That sounded odd, but she’d tasted odder things in her time here: burritos, enchiladas, chicharrones. And red chile sauce with everything. Sauce so hot that the inside of her nose burned at the thought of it.

The wind picked up, scattering tiny flakes of snow before it and bringing Christina back to the present. She stood on tiptoe to see the house’s blue-painted door. Its owner was singing the final verse of the innkeeper’s role. “Entren, peregri-i-i-i-nos,” he bellowed in a not very melodious voice. “No los conocí-í-í-í-í-í-í-í-ía.” Enter pilgrims, I didn’t recognize you.

Good, they’d be warm soon. Christina moved forward impatiently, but Gabriela giggled and tugged her back. The villager playing Joseph sang the response, then the crowd surged into the house singing, not all together, and not all in tune, the final refrain.

Christine joyfully lifted her voice. “Esta noche es de alegría, de gusto y de regocijo,” she sang happily. Tonight is for joy, for pleasure and rejoicing. “Porque hospedaremos aquí a la Madre de Dios Hijo.” For tonight we will give lodging to the Mother of God the Son.

The child’s clear little soprano soared above the others and Señora María Antonia Martín, who happened to be just in front of her, turned and scowled. “Silencia, niña!” the old woman snapped. “Tú es indecorosa!”

Gabriela giggled, but Christine flushed and fell silent. Unexpected tears sprang into her eyes and she hastily brushed them away.

Gabriela pulled on Christine’s arm and the girls edged away from the old woman, toward the front of the room. “Pay her no attention,” Gabriela whispered. “La señora is never happy with anything and no girl is ever silent enough for her.”

Christine flashed her friend a thankful smile but didn’t answer. Then they were at the edge of the crowd, where they could see the long wooden table laden with food. The hosts and their assistants moved between the guests and the table, bringing them hot beverages in small silver cups. Gabriela nudged Christine. “Look! It’s chocolate! I told you!”

Gabriela’s Aunt Luz was helping distribute the drinks. She came toward the girls and held out a cup. Gabriela reached for it, but her aunt looked at her reprovingly and said something in Spanish that Christine didn’t understand.

Gabriela stepped back and Luz offered Christine the cup. “Hace calor,” she cautioned. It is hot.

Christine curled her fingers around the warm silver. “It feels good,” she said. “Gracias.”

Luz smiled and turned away. Christine took a small sip. Her eyes widened and Gabriela giggled. Christine blinked hard. It was hot all right, but not from the stove. “Is it chile?” she asked.

Gabriela nodded mischievously. “It is polite to drink the entire cup,” she said. “It is rude to not drink all of it.”

Christine took a deep breath and lifted the cup to her lips. She would drink it all in one gulp and get it over with. She tilted her head and swallowed, but her throat rebelled at the chile’s scorching heat and closed against it. She choked helplessly. The laughing room fell silent and everyone turned to look at her. Chocolate spurted from her mouth and down her chin and Christine turned away, looking wildly for somewhere to hide her embarrassment.  

“Oh dear,” Gabriela giggled helplessly.

Then her Aunt Luz was at Christine’s elbow, a cloth in her hand. She steered Christine onto a cushioned bench in the corner  as she snapped “Leche!” at her niece.

“Lo siento mucho,” Luz said, bending over the girl. I’m so sorry. “Los chiles hacer mucha calor.” The chiles are very hot. She glared at Gabriela as she appeared with a large mug of milk and hissed something that Christine didn’t understand.

Christine drank the milk carefully, grateful for the way it coated and soothed the hot chile burn on her tongue and throat. “Gracias,” she whispered. The voices in the room rose again as the guests refocused on the food and the candy-filled piñata strung from the ceiling.

Luz patted Christine’s arm. “Los chiles hacer mucha calor,” she said again.

“She says the chiles are very hot,” Gabriela offered.

Christine nodded. She knew what the woman had said. More importantly, she heard the sympathy in her voice. She wished she knew enough Spanish to thank her properly for rescuing her. “Gracias,” she said again, looking her full in the face.

Luz smiled kindly. She turned to Gabriela with a frown and said something in rapid Spanish. Then she turned back to Christine, patted her shoulder kindly, and went back to the party.

“I’m sorry,” Gabriela said contritely. “I should have warned you.”

Christine nodded miserably. Then Gabriela giggled. She pointed at Christine’s chest. “The chocolate dripped.”

Christine looked down in dismay. A large brown blob decorated her dress. She closed her eyes against the threatening tears. She couldn’t just return to the party and pretend nothing had happened. Not with this reminder splashed down her front. She felt Gabriela’s hand on her shawl, gently rearranging it so the chocolate wouldn’t show, but she shook her head. “I want to leave,” she said.

Gabriela glanced toward the table. “But we haven’t eaten.”

“I’m not hungry,” Christine said.

Gabriela considered her for a long moment. “I’ll bring you some,” she offered.

Christine nodded and Gabriela disappeared across the room.

Christine hunched on the bench. She clutched the shawl around her shoulders and over her chest. Señora Martín stumped up with her cane, stopped directly in front of Christine, and stared into her face. She said something incomprehensible in Spanish, gave Christine a sharp little nod, thumped her cane twice on the floor, and moved on.

Christine looked bleakly at the crowded room, the bountiful table, the colorful piñata. A little boy’s stick whacked a hole in the piñata and candy rained down on the squealing children. It was all very picturesque. And the music was beautiful and very rich, although very different from home. Home. Wherever that was. Christine closed her eyes, suddenly overcome with a strange sadness.

Gabriela returned with a plate full of goodies and more milk, sent by their hostess to calm the americano girl’s tongue after the hot chiles. Christine accepted the milk gratefully and widened her eyes at the taste of the anise-flavored cookies Gabriela called “biscochitos,” but a part of her remained strangely removed from the evening’s pleasures.

An hour later, as the two girls said their goodbyes and slipped out the door, someone began singing a song from another Christmas play, one about the shepherds. The song was inexpressibly sad, something about Jesus being born to die for our sins. Christine shivered a little at the pain of it, so odd for a Christmas celebration and yet so hauntingly beautiful.

As Gabriela slipped through the big wooden door of her casa, Christine turned and touched the house’s outer wall. The adobe was slightly rough under her fingers and even now, at the end of a December day, it contained a bit of sun warmth. She patted the wall softly and mulled over the week’s events as she moved down the street toward the clapboard house at the village’s edge. Her mother was right. She didn’t belong here. And yet— If her father should give up the mercantile and return to Philadelphia, she suspected she wouldn’t feel that she belonged there, either.

She lifted her face to the now-clearing sky. This was a part of her now. The warm adobe walls, the broad blueness of the sky, the long horizons. Gabriela’s laughter.

Christine drew in a deep breath of spicy smoke. Someone was burning piñon in their fire tonight.  Even the wood smoke was beautiful. It seemed to surround her, then move on, leaving its fragrance behind. Somehow, the smoke reminded her of Tía Luz’s kind eyes. The girl smiled. Yes, it truly was all part of her. And she was part of it, no matter what Señora Martin or her mother might have to say.

THE END

© Loretta Miles Tollefson 2017

All rights reserved

BOOK REVIEW: The Famished Country

BOOK REVIEW: The Famished Country

If your mid-schooler has read the first two novel in Jennifer Bohnhoff’s Rebels Along the Rio Grande series, you’ll need to get the final book of the trilogy for them as soon as possible. If they haven’t, you’ll want to get them all.

The Famished Country follows the characters we met in Where Duty Calls and The Worst Enemy through the aftermath of the Civil War battles in New Mexico. It’s not really necessary to read the other books first. Bohnhoff has done an excellent job of providing information about previous events so it’s certainly possible to read this as a stand-alone.

It was fun to catch up with the various characters. The scene in which Union captain’s daughter Annabelle decides she’s going to marry the poor rebel boy from Texas is absolutely hilarious. This humor is balanced by the stress experienced by the boys in the book as they navigate the physical and emotional confusion of war, conflicting loyalties, and the desire to return home intact. We also meet historical characters such as Captain Paddy Grayson, Confederate Henry Hopkins Sibley, and the “angel of Santa Fe,” Louisa Canby.

Bohnhoff has completed a masterful series for young people with The Famished Country. I recommend it!

BOOK REVIEW: The Bisti Badlands

BOOK REVIEW: The Bisti Badlands

I recently had the privilege of reading an early copy of the latest offering in Mary Armstrong’s Two Valleys Saga. The fourth volume in this insightful look at southern New Mexico in the late 1800s, The Bisti Badlands follows the series’ main character, Jesús Messi as he comes to terms with his heritage, the politics of his day, and the people around him. Along his journey, we get to meet some of the people who make New Mexico’s history so vastly entertaining: Colonel Albert J. Fountain and Oliver Lee and their families, Albert Bacon Fall, Archbishop Jean-Baptiste Salpointe, and feminist Ada McPherson Morley, to name a few.

Jesús is all over New Mexico in this book, from Las Cruces to the Bistis to Santa Fe, and his emotions are all over the place, too. Armstrong does a terrific job of incorporating a young man’s search for purpose into his experience of historical events, seamlessly weaving the factual and fictional into a coherent whole. I can’t tell you more without spoiling the plot, so I’m simply going to say that, if you are interested in the history of New Mexico and the American West, or simply love a good coming-of-age story, I highly recommend The Bisti Badlands.

Book Review: When Cimarron Meant Wild

David Caffey’s recent book When Cimarron Meant Wild fills an important gap in the historiography of northeast New Mexico, specifically Colfax County, a.k.a. Cimarron Country. There are a number of books available about different aspects of the county and the personalities that made it legendary in its time, but up to this point, none of them have tied everything together, as Caffey’s does.

The County is inextricably linked to what became known as the Lucien B. Maxwell Land Grant. But When Cimarron Meant Wild begins long before the grant was established in the 1840s and reminds us that the land was home to indigenous populations well prior to either Spanish or American occupation.

Caffey also explains how these peoples—the Jicarilla Apache and Moache Ute—continued to play a role in the area well into the mid-19th century. Most of the material about Colfax County I’ve seen up to this point has very little to say about the original peoples, their rights to the land, and how they were gradually pushed off of it. I was impressed with the way When Cimarron Meant Wild addresses this issue.

The book also does an excellent job of describing Lucien Maxwell’s rather relaxed approach to exploiting the area’s resources, both agricultural and mineral. The difference between his strategy and that of the British corporation he and his wife sold out to in 1870 is an excellent study in contrasts. The Corporation was intent on wringing every penny out of their new possession, previous arrangements be damned. This shift in attitude created the environment that erupted into what became known as the Colfax County War, a conflict Caffey estimates resulted in 52 deaths over the next 11 years.

When Cimarron Meant Wild builds on Caffey’s previous work on New Mexico’s Santa Fe Ring and details the way the British corporation worked with Ring members, most notably Thomas B. Catron and Thomas Elkins, to eliminate the small-holders and miners who they felt were blocking the way to greater profits. The violence that resulted is documented here in detail but never sinks to a mere record of facts. Quite the opposite. The book’s organization and narrative flow is so masterful that it reads like a novel.

When Cimarron Meant Wild contains the best description I have yet read of the Colfax County War. Caffey not only provides an excellent retelling of both small and large events, he also gives us snapshots of the personalities involved without sentimentality or condemnation something I as a fiction writer find especially compelling.

This book is readable, historically accurate, and fills in important gaps for those of us who know a little about the area and want to learn more. If you aren’t familiar with northeast New Mexico’s or the Maxwell Land Grant’s fascinating history, When Cimarron Meant Wild is definitely the place to start learning about it. I highly recommend this book!